I think someone might counter that the tridents are within the museum.
I think someone might counter that the tridents are within the museum.
The sphere is a (damaged) art piece. The pools are the true memorials. I think most people would know the difference.
If it were to go on the plaza, I could almost see it at the center of the Memorial Glade.
9/11 Memorial at Center of a Tussle
Two Governors Feud With the Mayor Over Control of Decision Making Related to Attack Anniversaries and the Public Plaza
By JENNIFER MALONEY, TED MANN and MICHAEL HOWARD SAUL
The governors of New York and New Jersey are trying to wrest control from Mayor Michael Bloomberg over events and other decisions at the 9/11 Memorial, including the annual ceremonies marking the terrorist attacks' anniversary, according to people familiar with the discussions between the city and the Port Authority.
The proposal, strongly opposed by Mr. Bloomberg's administration, has derailed an agreement to resume construction on the unfinished 9/11 Museum, which has hung in limbo since September. The tug of war pits the Port Authority—controlled jointly by New York Gov. Andrew Cuomo and New Jersey Gov. Chris Christie—against Mr. Bloomberg, the chairman of the National September 11 Memorial & Museum foundation, whose administration has choreographed each anniversary ceremony since the terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center.
At stake is stewardship over the 9/11 Memorial plaza—a site that is at once a sacred, public space, a piece of property owned by the Port Authority, and a memorial entrusted to a nonprofit organization.
In interviews, multiple Port Authority officials said they weren't seeking to micromanage the museum or the schedule of events at the memorial plaza.
But they expressed a growing frustration: After nearly 11 years, the Port Authority wants greater say over its most famous site. They are proposing an oversight group that includes representatives for the governors, the city and victims' families that would monitor the foundation, including its finances.
A spokesman for Mr. Christie declined to comment, as did the mayor's office. Josh Vlasto, a spokesman for Mr. Cuomo, said: "No one is trying to take control. This is a financial dispute." He said it is unclear whether the foundation will be able to cover its projected costs. "There are no more big anniversary ceremonies going forward, and the mayor is going to be gone."
Both governors recently asked the National Park Service to help manage and fund the site.
In a statement, Port Authority Chairman David Samson said: "We all hope the federal government will play a role as requested by the governors. But until that happens, I think the board and the Port Authority have a special responsibility to pay attention to the security and the respect that this special site deserves."
A more delicate sticking point, amid a clash of forceful personalities, is the view that Mr. Bloomberg seeks to be the final arbiter of the memorial and its affairs. "Michael Bloomberg doesn't own 9/11," a Port Authority official said.
"Insults and attacks won't get the memorial built," a city official said. "Mayor Bloomberg stepped in when the project had stalled and raised $450 million to build the memorial. Now it's time to put politics aside and get the museum built."
Last year—before the nationally televised 10th anniversary ceremony—Mr. Cuomo pushed for the chance to deliver his own remarks instead of reading a passage, which had been the tradition. Mr. Christie's administration requested the addition of a speaking role for Mr. Samson and criticized Mr. Bloomberg for excluding Donald DiFrancesco, New Jersey's governor at the time of the attacks.
In the end, Mr. Cuomo read a quotation. Mr. Samson didn't speak, and Mr. DiFrancesco was invited to participate.
The anniversary ceremony isn't the only issue in dispute, but it is the most politically sensitive. Already, there is concern among family members that the event will be significantly scaled back now that the 10th anniversary has passed.
Mr. Bloomberg is undecided on whether the recitation of the names of the dead—the most somber portion of the ceremony—will be included in the program this year.
Monica Iken, who lost her husband in the attacks and is a member of the foundation board, said: "The names have to be read. He knows that. He knows that."
Beyond that, no agreement dictates the terms of the foundation's relationship with the agency.
The idea of greater oversight was first raised by the Port Authority at a May 30 meeting attended by officials from that agency, the city and the foundation.
At a June 19 meeting at City Hall, the Port Authority presented more details on its proposal, arguing that this new body should have an advisory role over events on the memorial's public plaza as well as financial oversight of the foundation, according to people familiar with the talks.
Port Authority executives sought a meeting with the full board of the foundation to press their case for a permanent management body for the site but were rebuffed by the foundation's leadership, officials said.
Meanwhile, the tussle has held up completion of the 9/11 Museum, which had been scheduled to open in September. Construction had been delayed because of an argument between the Port Authority and the foundation over the sharing of construction costs.
The Port Authority's claim of $156 million and the foundation's counterclaim of $140 million was resolved in a financial agreement reached weeks ago. Under the terms of the deal, the foundation would pay $20 million up front for the Port Authority to complete the museum, followed by a series of smaller payments tied to the completion of the museum by a deadline, according to a person familiar with the negotiations. It also includes a revenue-sharing agreement.
The deal has now been tabled. More than 200 relatives of Sept. 11 victims signed a scathing letter to Messrs. Cuomo and Christie Wednesday calling the delay "a betrayal."
Mr. Bloomberg, speaking Thursday, said there has been no substantial progress on the museum for nearly a year.
"What we need to do is get this back on track," he said. "Gov. Cuomo and [Gov. Christie] have to get together and say to the Port Authority, 'Come on! Let's get serious…It has to get done for the region and for America.' Let's stop all this shilly shallying and just do it. There's nothing substantive between us left."
http://online.wsj.com/article/SB1000...s_newyork_news
Wow..I just got caught up reading this thread, and sadly, I can't say I'm surprised. A disturbing number of kids these days seem to think that showing any sort of respect for other people, or other people's space just isn't cool.
On a travel forum about NYC, I got soundly raked over the coals by some of the posters, for wanting to pay respects in a manner appropriate to my faith, contrary to the opinions of another poster, who felt that EVERYONE who wanted to pray at the site should be redirected to St Paul's. He just didn't get that such a proposal wouldn't work for the non Christians who visit the site. Overall, I got chewed out for a host of "offenses"- wanting to pray at the site, daring to speak positively of the original WTC towers, and so on. And I wasn't the only one- other people looking to pay respects before the memorial was opened also got chewed on, their motives called into question by locals, with axes to grind about "disrespectful tourists". Some of the posters seem so nasty and hateful of tourists that I wonder why the heck they post on a travel forum at all! Really, if all they're going to do is spew the equivalent of "Get off my lawn", why bother?
So after all that ado over "prurient, rubbernecking tourists", it's a group of local students who show up, act like brats, and disgust the tourists with their antics, not the other way around.
And yes, I would be disgusted if I saw somebody throw their trash on the floor of Grand Central, or on the ground in Times Square or Central Park too. My parents taught me to respect other people and public space, shame that seems to be going out of fashion.
All sorts of new stuff has been loaded up onto the roof of the Memorial Pavilion.
Shots from the KPI TV cam, from Wednesday 6/27 (top) and Friday 6/29:
Attachment 15785
Attachment 15786
This is beautiful. It will be nice when this is fully open to the public.
New York Post
July 4, 2012
Wounded vets visit September 11 Memorial
Associated Press
http://www.nypost.com/rw/nypost/2012...s--300x300.jpg
Army Sgt. Brendan Marrocco of Staten Island, left, Marine Cpl. Todd Love of Atlanta, Ga, center, and Marine Cpl. Juan Dominguez of Deming, N.M., pose for a picture at the 9/11 Memorial in New York today.
Brendan Marrocco was a high school student on Staten Island on Sept. 11, 2001, when the terrorism attack on the World Trade Center set in motion historic events that would define his life in devastating ways.
More than a decade later, Marrocco spent the July 4th holiday visiting the Sept. 11 Memorial — now as a U.S. Army veteran who lost all his limbs fighting in Iraq.
"Being a New Yorker, it's just great to see it," Marrocco said while sitting in a wheelchair at the lip of one of the two mammoth reflecting pools that dominate the site where the twin towers once stood.
Marrocco, 25, was among about a dozen disabled soldiers invited to visit ground zero Wednesday ahead of the usual throng of tourists. The visit was intended to salute servicemen — many of them triple or quadruple amputees — who survived the post-9/11 wars to become miracles of modern medicine, and to promote two charities raising money to reward them with custom-built homes.
It was one of several events across the state marking the nation's 236th birthday with a mixture of pyrotechnics, parades and living history — a celebration capped by the Macy's 4th of July Fireworks show off Manhattan.
In all, 40,000 aerial shells will be launched from five barges beginning at 9:25 p.m. Organizers say preparations began as soon as last year's display ended.
"Nobody really needs to know the behind-the-scenes that goes into play," said Amy Kule, the show's executive producer. "They don't need to know the year of planning. They don't need to know how much (time) we spend out in the sun, packing all of the fireworks. ... The only thing they need to do is enjoy."
The disabled soldiers' visit to ground zero was organized by the Gary Sinise Foundation — started by the actor who played the amputee character Lieutenant Dan in the film "Forrest Gump" — and by The Stephen Stiller Tunnel to Towers Foundation, named after a New York City firefighter who died responding to the 9/11 attack. The charities are working together to build so-called "smart homes" that allow the wounded veterans to lead more independent lives.
Marrocco recently moved into one of the homes on Staten Island with his brother.
"It's just a relief to not have to rely on other people so much," said Marrocco, whose arms and legs were blown off by a roadside bomb in April 2009.
John Peck, a 25-year-old Marine from Chicago who lost all his limbs in Afghanistan in 2010, is waiting for a home to be completed in Virginia. Though still in constant pain after weaning himself off painkillers, he said he took comfort on Wednesday in being around veterans who share the same challenges — away from the "rude weird stares" he often gets when out in public.
"I sometimes don't like hanging out with people who aren't missing anything," he said.
Still, both Peck and Marrocco said they have no regrets.
"If I was only minus one leg, I'd try to go back," Peck said of his experience.
Said Marrocco: "I wouldn't change it in any way. ... I feel great. I'm still the same person."
Marrocco "totally rejects that hero stuff," said his father, Alex. "In his mind, he was just doing his job."
Copyright 2012 NYP Holdings, Inc. All rights reserved.
Puts some of my normal bs problems way in the back where they belong.
http://fc02.deviantart.net/fs71/i/20...te-d4m8np1.jpg
(Elziangate on deviantART)
.
.
Does one still need reservations to access this?
Yep. Timed entry only, with full security scan.
That stinks. I can't wait for the day when one can simply walk there at lunchtime and enjoy it.
New York Post
July 8, 2012
9/11 families say National Park Service should take over memorial and museum
By KATE BRIQUELET
http://www.nypost.com/r/nypost/2012/...c--520x520.jpg
RIFT:The projected costs of running the World Trade Center Memorial have split the families of 9/11 victims.
Divided they stand.
Families of 9/11 victims are demanding a federal takeover of the National September 11 Memorial and Museum — clashing with others who support the mayor’s vision for the site.
Retired FDNY Deputy Fire Chief Jim Riches says the National Park Service must take control of the monument to keep it running in the long term.
“This is not the New York City 9/11 memorial. This is the American national memorial,” said Riches, head of the 9/11 Parents & Families of Firefighters and WTC Victims. “Let’s go with the guys who know what they’re doing.”
The museum’s construction was halted last year over a financial dispute between the Port Authority, which owns the site, and the foundation that runs the museum and memorial. The foundation is chaired by Mayor Bloomberg.
Riches is calling for the PA to sidestep the mayor and work with the feds directly. He said this would allow the Park Service to take over once the foundation’s operating license expires in September 2013.
Gov. Cuomo and New Jersey Gov. Chris Christie are trying to get funding and technical help from the agency, but Riches said it’s not enough.
His group is pushing for the foundation to become strictly a fund-raising arm.
He blasted the monument’s projected $60 million annual operating cost and the $400,000 salary of the foundation’s board president, Joe Daniels.
“We want transparency and accountability,” said Riches, whose son, Jimmy, a firefighter, died in the World Trade Center attack. “We don’t want people getting rich off this.”
But Debra Burlingame, co-founder of 9/11 Families for a Safe & Strong America, said a takeover would be an insult to the foundation, which raised $450 million for the memorial.
“For the Park Service to come in now doesn’t make sense,” said Burlingame, a foundation board member whose brother was the pilot aboard the jet that struck the Pentagon.
Julie Wood, a Bloomberg spokeswoman, said a handover would mire the site in political infighting.
“The majority of family members just want the museum open already,” Wood said.
Other activists hope the Park Service would better honor 9/11 victims.
Sally Regenhard, whose son, Christian, a firefighter, died at the WTC, is outraged at plans to put the remains of unidentified victims in the museum walls instead of an above-ground tomb.
“There’s no honor for my son, who remains missing,” said Regenhard, a member of 9/11 Parents & Families of Firefighters. “It’s so dysfunctional and so horrific.
“We need the National Park Service to not only operate it and manage it in a fiscally responsible manner but to bring respect and dignity.”
Copyright 2012 NYP Holdings, Inc. All rights reserved.
The National Park Service operates many historic, memorial, battlefield, and cemetery sites - not just what we consider parks.
Civil War sites, such as Gettysburg, Yorktown, and Vicksburg.
Korean War Memorial, Vietnam Veterans Memorial.
Disaster sites, such as the Johnstown Flood National Memorial.
Several sites in NYC - Grant's Tomb, Federal Hall, Hamilton Grange.
The WTC memorial was given the name National September 11 Memorial and Museum.
Is it so much of an insult to be a fundraising arm? I think it's honorable work.Quote:
But Debra Burlingame, co-founder of 9/11 Families for a Safe & Strong America, said a takeover would be an insult to the foundation, which raised $450 million for the memorial.
If anyone should be insulted, it's the people who gave money to this organization.
Maybe that's true, but she needs to explain why. Just saying it doesn't make sense doesn't make it true.Quote:
“For the Park Service to come in now doesn’t make sense,” said Burlingame, a foundation board member whose brother was the pilot aboard the jet that struck the Pentagon.
The "infighting" is already in full swing; that's why nothing has happened at the Museum for the past many months.
Little Mike will be done as mayor in just over a year.
Will he try to retain control of the Memorial site even when he's out of office? That move wouldn't surprise me but, once he becomes simply a private citizen, by what grant would he have that authority?
Better to sort this out now, and look to the longterm future of the site.
From last September:
http://farm7.staticflickr.com/6208/6...78da366d_b.jpg
(luluinnyc on Flickr)
I can understand both sides of this argument, but I reluctantly agree with this.
It seems that expectations on what a memorial should be have changed over the decades, and the line between memorial and museum has become blurred. This is starkly evident in considering the almost complete FDR Memorial on Roosevelt Island. Would this type of memorial be designed today? If Louis Kahn were alive and got the commission, would he have produced something similar?
It's worth comparing the Four Freedoms Memorial to the FDR Memorial in Washington DC, completed in 1997, which tells a twelve-year story in four outdoor rooms.
You inevitably get photos like this:
http://supervisors.sonoma-county.org...r-memorial.jpg
Maybe the mistake in the WTC memorial was not incorporating the Sphere in the original design-competition parameters.
Seems like a no brainer to me -
whats going on with the south pool?
from other angles it looks like they have a bit of equipment down in the water, and I've never seen those
red lights before??
http://i211.photobucket.com/albums/b.../southpool.jpg
Those aren't lights, those are cones. They clean the pools at night when the park is closed, because apparently algae is growing at the bottom of the pools.
^ That. They scrub the bottom of the pool at night now and then. The oranges cones are the highly effective method of keeping workers from falling into the nether regions of the fountain.
thank youse, (i thought the bottom looked awfully green).
Very beautiful!
http://www.bellenews.com/wp-content/...jacked-jet.jpg
(Associated Press)
Case Studies:
CIM
Siemens and Delta Fountains
Wall Street Journal
July 23, 2012
'Tribute' Handover
By Ted Mann
http://si.wsj.net/public/resources/i...0724000056.jpg
The view of the lower Manhattan skyline on Sept. 10, 2011.
The National September 11 Memorial & Museum foundation is taking its first steps toward controlling an annual rite of healing: the "Tribute in Light."
The tribute, in which twin beams are projected into the sky to represent the former World Trade Center towers, has been managed since March 2002 by the Municipal Art Society, which first staged it.
But after reported struggles with funding to keep the display alive, and amid the foundation's continuing effort to formalize its authority over commemorative events at the site, the foundation will take a lead role this fall.
Details are still being hammered out between the foundation and MAS, which will continue to play a role in the light display. But an official at the Metropolitan Transportation Authority said Monday that the agency's lease with the MAS would be transferred to the foundation, which will take control even as discussions continue.
The Tribute in Light is projected from the roof of the MTA's Battery Parking Garage. The foundation will take over the $12,000 annual lease, which includes use of a portion of the roof for three weeks, as well as storage space for lights and equipment the rest of the year.
"It is an honor for us to be able to begin helping to ensure this moving tribute soars above our city's skyline for years to come," said foundation president and CEO Joseph Daniels.
Vin Cipolla, president of MAS, said in an email that his organization was "unspeakably proud of its founding role."
"We are very pleased that this transition is moving forward, and look forward to being a part of Tribute for many years to come," Mr. Cipolla wrote.
The MTA board will vote Wednesday on the extension of the garage lease, which will run through 2014.
Copyright ©2012 Dow Jones & Company, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Downtown Express
July 25, 2012
Petition for monument to honor those killed by Ground Zero toxins
A Downtown resident has started an online petition urging authorities to build a free-standing monument on the National September 11 Memorial and Museum Plaza to honor first responders and cleanup workers who have died from inhaling toxins at Ground Zero.
Allan Tannenbaum, 67, a Community Board 1 member and photojournalist from Tribeca, created the petition in late May after years of advocacy for those affected by 9/11-related toxins. His photo story “Still Killing,” published in TIME Magazine in 2006, documented cases of emergency and clean-up workers who were suffering from cancers and other incurable diseases years after the terrorist attacks, and who Tannenbaum said are often overshadowed by those who died on 9/11.
The 9/11 Memorial has plans to include an exhibit on those who’ve died from toxins once it opens to the public.
Tannenbaum — who was a member of C.B. 1’s now-defunct World Trade Center Redevelopment Committee — said that when, during a committee meeting, he once asked 9/11 Memorial President Joe Daniels why the exhibit couldn’t be turned into its own monument on the Plaza, Daniels told him that it was because some Ground Zero workers have died from causes unrelated to toxins.
“But an exhibit just isn’t enough because of the awful illnesses and deaths that these people and their families have gone through,” said Tannenbaum. “I don’t think that we should kill the whole idea just because there might be a handful of names on that wall who didn’t die from 9/11 toxins.”
The petition, which had gained more than 230 online signatures by press time, can be found at www.change.org.
The KPITV cam today shows that they're about to reconfigure the western most side of the Memorial along West Street, most likely in preparation for doing road work there. From the 2WFC cam it can be seen that the NYPD trailers have a new spot mapped out for them, with lots of painted white lines much closer to the vent buildings, and the words "NYPD LARGE TRAILER" & "NYPD SMALL TRAILER" spray painted on the asphalt just to the west of the vents.
^ Amazing photo.
That seriously makes me dizzy. Great perspective.
Associated Press
August 9, 2012
NYC 9/11 memorial surpasses 4 million visitors
NEW YORK (AP) — More than 4 million people have visited the Sept. 11 memorial at the World Trade Center since it opened last summer on the 10th anniversary of the terror attacks.
The National September 11 Memorial & Museum announced the milestone Thursday.
The nonprofit foundation says visitors have come from all 50 states and 170 countries to see the two giant reflecting pools ringed by waterfalls that make up the memorial.
Memorial President Joe Daniels says all those visitors are helping to preserve the memory of those who died.
Copyright © 2012 The Associated Press. All rights reserved.
New York Post
August 11, 2012
Fund raising for the 9/11 Memorial hurt by dispute with Port Authority, Bloomberg says
By JOSH MARGOLIN and DAVID SEIFMAN
The battle over control of the 9/11 Memorial and Museum has begun to hamper fund raising for the project, Mayor Bloomberg warned yesterday.
“It’s getting harder to raise money,” he said on his weekly WOR radio show.
“When we talk to them and try to solicit gifts, [they say], ‘Well, you know, what’s going to happen with the Port Authority [and] museum?’ ”
Bloomberg has helped the 9/11 memorial foundation raise more than half of the $700 million construction cost of the memorial and museum.
While the memorial plaza opened last September, there is no opening date for the museum because of a dispute that’s been raging for nearly a year with the PA over who will get to run the emotionally charged site.
“We’re working with them, and hopefully we can come up with a solution quickly,” said the mayor, who chairs the organization.
In the meantime, one source said, big donors who are being hit up in another round of fund-raising are questioning what’s going on with the project.
“There’s no panic mode,” the source said.
“The interest is still there. But it makes it more challenging when you want to go back to people who already gave.”
For months, both the mayor and the Port Authority gave the impression that their behind-the-scenes fight was over $150 million or so in infrastructure costs.
But Bloomberg said that’s essentially been resolved, with only $15 million separating the two sides “last time I tuned in.”
With the money matters largely settled, the real obstacle has proved to be control over the site — roughly one-half of the 16-acre World Trade Center complex.
The PA has insisted it retain permanent ownership of the entire 16 acres, regardless of day-to-day operations of the museum and memorial.
Despite his hard line in public, sources said, Bloomberg has softened his stance privately in an effort to restart the all-but-dead negotiations.
“Bloomberg himself has sent word he is willing to talk about the governance issues,” said one official briefed on the talks.
Although the mayor at first refused to move from his position, his new flexibility could well break the logjam in time for a final announcement before he leaves office in 2014.
Bloomberg said that there have been 4 million visitors so far to the memorial and that “it does not seem to be slowing,” even without the museum.
The 9/11 foundation’s annual fund-raiser next month is already sold out.
The PA and the Office of Gov. Cuomo, who with New Jersey Gov. Chris Christie controls the bi-state agency, did not comment.
Copyright 2012 NYP Holdings, Inc. All rights reserved.
ABC News
August 25, 2012
First Responder Objects to Tourist Atmosphere at World Trade Center Memorial
By CANDACE SMITH
http://a.abcnews.com/images/US/gty_w..._120823_wg.jpg
Viewers gather around the south pool at the 9-11 Memorial, July 17, 2012 in New York City.
When Marianne Pizzitola visited the World Trade Center Memorial last week, she was already wary. A retired EMS for the Fire Department of New York, Pizzitola, 43, had been a first responder on September 11th, almost 11 years ago. She, like so many others, lost friends that day and had finally mustered the strength to travel to New York from her current home in Georgia to pay her respects.
What she found disturbed her.
"This place is not being treated like a memorial," she said.
Recalling crowded lines, laughter, smiling people, onlookers leaning and sitting on the tablets inscribed with victims' names, Pizzitola said she felt as if she were lined up not for a somber memorial but a tourist attraction.
Philip Bredin, a visitor from Ireland, thinks it was inevitable the memorial would attract many visitors. "It certainly is a tourist attraction, was always going to attract tourists."
But for Pizzitola, a shrine in memory of those who died should bear no semblance to anything fun.
"People are holding Starbucks cups, sitting on these tablets, one person had their a** on my friend's name. I lost my emotional mind," Pizzitola said. She added that "this is a grave and people should respect that point."
In June, a group of Brooklyn teenagers were evicted from the memorial after throwing trash in the reflecting pools.
After talking with other first responders who she said felt similarly, Pizzitola fired off an email to the National September 11 Memorial and Museum, addressing her concerns and expressing her desire to find some sort of solution. She suggested a mandatory video for all visitors that would educate them on the events that left the Twin Towers demolished and almost 3,000 people dead.
Other visitors agree that perhaps a video would help reinforce the solemnity of the memorial.
"We should have a video and it should be mandatory and I think people will take it more seriously," said Rebecca Fox of Tampa.
Much to Pizzitola's surprise, she received an email from Joe Daniels, the 9/11 Memorial president, saying his team would be in touch with her. She was contacted by Allison Blais, chief of staff for the National September 11 Memorial & Museum. Pizzitola told ABC News that Blais seemed very responsive to her email and that officials had already been working to figure out how to improve the memorial.
While the 9/11 memorial had no official statement on Pizzitola's email, they did refer ABC News to a sign posted in the line at the museum that calls for proper decorum: "The 9/11 Memorial is a place for solemn reflection dedicated to honoring and remembering the tragic events and the overwhelming loss of innocent life."
A spokeswoman said that the memorial tries to educate all visitors by offering informational pamphlets to visitors as well as sending pre-visit educational material to any school group that visits.
Copyright © 2012 ABC News
Extraordinary restraint, considering. It never ceases to astonish me that some people actually are blissfully unaware of how ignorant and inconsiderate their behaviour is.Quote:
People are holding Starbucks cups, sitting on these tablets, one person had their a** on my friend's name. I lost my emotional mind," Pizzitola said.
If the plan is to have an open plaza, accessible from numerous entry points, how can a compulsory video viewing be put in place?
Maybe they should project the vid in a loop on the side of the buildings around the plaza, mega-sized.
Yeah the short film before Monty Python's The Meaning of Life.